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The United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement (CTPA) (Spanish: ''Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Colombia y Estados Unidos'' or ''TLC'') is a bilateral free trade agreement between the United States and Colombia. Sometimes called the Colombia Free Trade Agreement, it was signed on November 22, 2006, by Deputy U.S. Trade Representative John Veroneau and Colombian Minister of Trade, Industry, and Tourism Jorge Humberto Botero. CTPA is a comprehensive agreement that will eliminate tariffs and other barriers to trade in goods and services between the United States and Colombia. Colombia's Congress approved the agreement and a protocol of amendment in 2007. Colombia's Constitutional Court completed its review in July 2008, and concluded that the Agreement conforms to Colombia's Constitution. President Obama tasked the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative with seeking a path to address outstanding issues surrounding the Colombia FTA.〔http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/colombia-fta United States Trade Representative website accessed June 16, 2009〕 The United States Congress then took on the agreement and passed it on October 12, 2011. The agreement went into effect on May 15, 2012. ==Economic relationship== The United States is Colombia’s leading trading partner. In 2005, 39% of Colombia’s exports went to the United States, and 29% of Colombia’s imports were supplied by the United States. The second most significant trading partner for Colombia is Venezuela, accounting for 7% of Colombia’s imports and 10% of Colombia’s exports. Other significant trading partners for Colombia are Mexico, Ecuador, Germany, and Brazil.〔 Colombia is the 28th largest U.S. export market ($5.41 billion in 2005) and the 31st largest source of U.S. imports ($8.85 billion in 2005). The dominant U.S. import item from Colombia is crude oil (38% of U.S. imports from Colombia in 2005), followed by coal, other petroleum oils, precious and semi-precious stones, coffee, tea, and flowers and plants.〔Luxner, Larry, ''Colombia Reaches Crossroads With Free Trade Agreement'', The Washington Diplomat, 27 July 2011〕 Two-thirds of U.S. exports to Colombia are manufactured goods.〔Hidalgo, Juan C. and Griswold, D., ''Trade Agreement Would Promote U.S. Exports and Colombian Civil Society'', Free Trade Bulletin No. 44, 15 February 2011〕 The top U.S. exports are chemicals, plastics, electrical equipment, excavating machinery, telecommunications equipment, computers and computer accessories, industrial engines, and drilling and oilfield equipment.〔〔 For the last seven years, Colombia has been receiving $10 billion to $15 billion annually in foreign direct investment, and has been rapidly developing its mining sector.〔 As a result, Colombia is the sixth-largest market in the world for large earthmoving equipment manufactured by Caterpillar Inc., a U.S. manufacturer of bulldozers and other earthmoving machinery, despite a Colombian tariff of five to fifteen percent.〔〔Tarter, Steve, and McDonald, Karen, ''Schock, Cat CEO praise trade pact with Colombia'', The Journal Star, 6 April 2011.〕 U.S. agricultural exports benefiting under the agreement include beef and pork products, wheat, corn, soybeans, and cotton.〔 The agreement would grant immediate duty-free access to export categories most important to the U.S. beef industry, such as USDA Prime and Choice beef cuts.〔 All other tariffs on beef would be eliminated, with the final tariffs removed within 15 years.〔 Colombian tariffs on pork products ranging from 20 to 30 percent, would be phased out to zero within 5 to 15 years.〔 The U.S. International Trade Commission estimates the fully implemented agreement would boost U.S. beef exports to Colombia by 46 percent and pork exports by 72 percent.〔 Colombian tariffs of 5 to 20 percent for wheat and soybeans would be immediately eliminated; with a 25 percent tariff on corn to be phased out over 12 years.〔 The agreement would immediately eliminate the 10 percent duty on U.S. cotton upon enactment〔 U.S. imports from Colombia have increased notably since 1996, from $4.27 billion in 1996 to $8.85 billion in 2005, a 107% increase. The U.S. trade deficit with Colombia was $3.43 billion in 2005.〔 Since late 2006, U.S. products have been charged more than $3.4 billion in Colombian tariffs and duties that otherwise would have been eliminated by the free trade agreement.〔 The U.S. International Trade Commission estimates that the agreement would boost U.S. exports to Colombia by an additional $1.1 billion per year.〔Rusciano, Alex, ''Caterpillar Applauds Pending US - Colombia Free Trade Agreement'', WCBU Radio News, 6 April 2011〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「United States–Colombia Free Trade Agreement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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